A Guide to LaTeX
Table of Contents
- DESCRIPTION
- STUPID TEX TRICKS
- MOST USEFUL (AND MOST ASKED) ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
- SUMMARY OF LATEX COMMANDS
- SAMPLE SESSION
- THE MANY MODES OF LATEX
- USAGE OF BIBTEX
- USAGE OF SLITEX
- SAMPLE DOCUMENTS
- DEBUGGING HINTS
- COMMON PROBLEMS AND DUMB LATEX TRICKS
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- SEE ALSO (FILES)
- SEE ALSO (BOOKS)
- SEE ALSO (PROGRAMS)
LaTeX is a document preparation system of relative non-complexity and
great frustration. For the most part, it also works.
The best use of LaTeX is for long, complicated documents with lots
of formulas and few pictures. Trust me on this one...
It does a good job for documents that *need* structure, allowing you
the flexibility to easily modify the text, without worrying about how
it's going to turn out.
LaTeX is actually a set of macros on top of the TeX document preparation
system. This describes only the formats of LaTeX.
The format of a document is pretty simple:
\documentstyle{}
... this is called the preamble ....
\begin{document}
... nice text and actual work here ....
... this is called the body ...
\end{document}
There are, as implied by the comment above, many different 'styles'
of documents. The ones that I know of (I haven't bothered to actually
create any styles of my own :) are:
style: letter article report book slides
There are several nice formatting tricks that LaTeX does, depending
upon which format you use.
First of all, file names (except inside your document) NEED the '.tex'
extension. You do need it!
The following characters are illegal TeX input (except if you know how
to use them, of course):
# $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { }
DON'T use these unless you know what you're doing! In order to get
what you expect, type a '\' in front of them:
\# \$ \% \& \~ \_ \^ \\ \{ \}
Notice that the comment character in LaTeX is the '%' character.
Comments start from the comment character until the end-of-line.
LaTeX also allows free-form text input. This means that it doesn't
matter how many tabs, spaces you have, LaTeX has its own idea of what
your document will look like. It is important to note that a single
newline is NOT enough to make different paragraphs. There has to be
at least two of them to separate the paragraphs.
It's not nice but it can be done. Here is a sample document that
just inserts in an EPS (PostScript) file called 'test.eps' into LaTeX.
Note that the size of the graphic must be guesstimated and inserted.
\documentstyle{article}
% define a macro
\def\texpsfig#1#2#3{\vbox{\kern #3\hbox{\special{psfile=#1}\kern #2}}\typeout{(#1)}}
\input epsf % load the epsf library
\begin{document}
% Insert the graphic and put a border around it
\centerline{\texpsfig{test.eps}{4.563in}{3.813in}}
\makebox[4.563in]{\rule{0in}{3.813in}}
\end{document}
For more information on this (at your own risk), see dvips(1).
Simple, just type:
\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{2}
For other spacing (ie triple) just change the 2.
Now doesn't that just seem intuitively obvious? :)
Not that difficult. The following creates a table (with lines
surrounding all of the entries):
\begin{tabular}{|l|r|c|}
Person & Money Owing & Silly Comment \\ \hline
Mr. Cairo & $1943.12 & pay him again, Sam \\ \hline
Mr. Pink & \$55.55 & what robbery? \\ \hline
Mr. Scaramanga & \$666.00 & the golden rule \\ \hline
Mr. Capone & \$300.51 & bad accountants \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
Things to notice:
- the column entries are separated by the ampersand '&'
- remember that '$' is a naughty character, and must escape
- you can get rid of the horizontal lines by deleting the \hline at the end
- you can get rid of the vertical lines by deleting the '|' symbols at
the top of the tabular command
There are two universally accepted orientations to pages: landscape
and portrait. These refer to how a rectangular piece of paper is
oriented, and the names are supposed to be indicative of their typical
use. A landscape page is flipped in the same way that you would see
a painting of a lovely hillside scene (ie lambs, shepherds, chainsaw...).
A portrait page is such that it most tellingly reveals the features of
the human face -- as awful a concept as that sounds...
This ought to fix it:
\special{landscape}
Note however, that xdvi(1) currently barfs all over the virtual
rugscape, as it does not understand the landscape option.
A voice from the Netherland wilderness yells: "No wait! There is a way:
xdvi -paper a4r filename
(Thanks to Peter @ infolab8@kub.nl for this suggestion)
Alternatively, use dvips to do it:
dvips -t landscape
See dvips(1) for more information and other options.
How Do You Play netrek.paradise?
Oops! How did that get in here? Sorry, folks!
Note that some of this won't be useful unless you actually (gasp!)
buy a book on LaTeX. A book really does help, by the way...
\documentstyle[options]{style}
style: article report book slides
options: 11pt 12pt twoside twocolumn titlepage leqn openbib
fleqn
\pagestyle{style}
style: plain empty headings myheadings
\pagenumbering{style}
style: arabic roman alph Roman Alph
\maketitle
\begin{titlepage} ... \end{titlepage}
\begin{abstract} ... \end{abstract}
\label{key}
assign current counter value to key
\ref{key}
print value assigned to key
There is (well, it'll be here RSN) some more information here in
this document that gives an example of the bibtex stuff.
\bibliography{...}
\begin{thebibliography}{label} ... \end{...}
make bibliography; lable is the widest entry label
\bibitem[label]{key}
begin bibliography entry for citation key
with label as its label
\cite[note]{keys}
cite reference(s) keys with added note
\input{file}
read the file
\include{file}
read the file unless not in \includeonly{}
\includeonly{filelist}
exclude any file not in filelist
$ ... $ or \( ... \)
in-text formulas
\[ .. \]
displayed formulas
\begin{equation} ... \end{equation}
a numbered equation
\begin{eqnarray} ... \end{eqnarray}
numbered equations, like 3 column array enviroment
\nonumber omits one equation number,
eqnarray* omits all
_{ ... }
subscript. NB: don't need the braces for one character
^{ ... }
superscript. NB: don't need the braces for one character
' prime
\frac{n}{d} print the numerator over the denominator
\sqrt[n]{arg} the nth root of the argument arg
ellipsis \ldots ... \cdots ... \vdots ...
Greek letters \alpha ... \omega and \Alpha ... \Omega
delimiters \left or \right followed by delimiters
\overline{expression}
print a rule over the expression
space thin \. medium \: thick \; negative thin \!
\begin{quote} ... \end{quote}
short displayed quotation
\begin{quotation} ... \end{quotation}
long displayed quotation
\begin{flushleft} ... \end{flushleft}
left flush lines, separated by \\
\begin{center} ... \end{center}
centered lines, separated by \\
\begin{flushright} ... \end{flushright}
right flush lines, separated by \\
\begin{verse} ... \end{verse}
\\ between lines, blank line between stanzas
\begin{verbatim} ... \end{verbatim}
in fixed-length, typewriter face exactly as formated --
use any characters you like!
Begin each item with \item or \item[label]
\begin{itemize} ... \end{itemize}
a 'bulleted' list
\begin{enumerate} ... \end{enumerate}
a numbered list
\begin{description} ... \end{description}
a list of labelled items
quotes single ` ... ' and double `` ... ''
dashes intra-word: - number range: -- punctuation: ---
emphasis {\em }
unbreakable text \mbox{ ... }
footnotes \footnote{ ... }
date \today
\rm roman \em emphasis \bf boldface \it italic \sl slant
\sf sans serif \sc small caps \tt monospace typewriter face
\boldmath use bold math symbols
These need to be organized into a reasonable sequence of small to large
or vice versa
\tiny \small \large \huge \scriptsize \normalsize \Large
\Huge \footnotesize \LARGE
You *really* need to see these to make any sense of it!
\'{o} \`{o} \~{o} \v{o} \c{o} \={o} \H{o} \d{o} \^{o} \.{o} \t{o} \b{o}
\"{o} \u{o}
\dag \ddag \S \P \copyright \pounds
\part \section \paragraph \ chapter \subsection
\subsubsection \subparagraph
\appendix
no output, but the next sectioning commands are
in the appendices
\tableofcontents
create a table of contents
\linebreak[n]
force [or encourage] a linebreak; 0 <= n <= 4
\nolinebreak[n]
forbid [or discourage] a linebreak; 0 <= n <= 4
\\[len]
start new line and leave len vertical space
\- permit hyphenation
\begin{sloppypar} ... \end{sloppypar}
Don't complain about lines that are a bit too long or
too short
\pagebreak[n]
force [or encourage] a page break;
0 <= n <= 4
\nopagebreak[n]
forbid [or discourage] a page break.
0 <= n <= 4. Surprise!
\samepage
Only break pages in between paragraphs
\newpage
Begin a new page
\clearpage
Prints all figures and tables on the page
and begins a new page
\mbox{...}
\makebox[wd][pos]{...}
make box of width wd; pos puts text at (l)eft, (r)ight,
or center pos defaults to center
\fbox{text}
\framebox[wd][pos]{text}
Same as \mbox or \makebox except draws a box around the box
\newsavebox{cmd}
defines cmd as a "bin" for saving boxes into
\sbox{cmd}{text}
\savebox{cmd}[wd][pos]{text}
same as \mbox or \makebox but saves the box in bin cmd
\usebox{cmd}
Print the box saved in bin cmd
\begin{minipage}[pos]{wd} ... \end{minipage}
make a parbox of width wd, aligned by pos at
(t)op, (b)ottom, or center line.
center is the default
\parbox[pos]{wd}{...}
same as minipage for small amounts of text,
no displayed environments.
units: cm, em, ex, in, pc, pt, mm
cm Centimetres
em The width of the letter M in the current font
ex The height of the letter x in the current font
in Inches
pc Picas (1pc = 12pt)
pt Points (1in = 72.27pt)
mm Millimetres
\newlength{cmd}
define cmd to be a length
\setlength{cmd}{len}
set length of cmd to be len
\addtolength{cmd}{len}
add len to length cmd
\settowidth{cmd}{txt}
set cmd to width of txt
\baselinestretch A decimal value for the spacing. Example:
To set double-spacing on your document,
use the command:
\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{2}
\textwidth The normal width of the text on the page
Example: To change this, use the command:
\setlength{\textwidth}{x}
where x is a length. NOTE: If you change
the textwidth, you will almost certainly want
to change the evenside- and oddsidemargin
\textheight The normal height of the body of a page.
\oddsidemargin One inch less than the distance from
the left edge of the paper to the left
margin of the text on right-hand pages
\evensidemargin The same as \oddsidemargin except for
left-hand pages
\marginparwidth The width of marginal notes
\marginparsep The amount of horiz. space between the
outer margin and a marginal note
\topmargin One inch less than the distance from the
top edge of the paper to the top of the
page's head
\headheight The height of a box containing the header
\headsep The amount of vertical space between the
header and the body of a page
\topskip The minimum distance from the top of the
body to the bottom of the first line of text
\footheight The height of a box containing the page's
footer
\footskip The distance from the bottom of the last
line of text in the body to the bottom of
the footer
\hspace{len}
Make len horizontal space.
NOTE: len can be negative
\hfill
\hrulefill
Fills the current line with space. With \hrulefill, the space
is underlined. Example: If you want to create a form that says
Name: __________, where the underline is 3 inches long, use this:
Name: \makebox[3in]{\hrulefill}
\vspace{len}
Leave len vertical space.
\begin{picture}(x,y)(x',y') ... \end{ ... }
x by y picture with the lower left corner at (x',y')
\put(x,y){ ... }
put object at point (x,y)
\multiput(x,y)(delta-x,delta-y){n}{ ... }
make n copies of the picture with the first at (x,y) and
others offset by (delta-x,delta-y)
\makebox(x,y)[pos]{ ... }
make x by y box; pos puts object at top (t), bottom (b),
left (l), right (r), and / or centered (default);
\framebox and \savebox have analogous forms
\dashbox{d}(x,y)[pos]{ ... }
like \makebox but puts dashed lines of length d
around box
\line(h,v){l}
line of slope h by v and length l; 0 <= h, v <= 6
\vector{h,v}{l}
same as \line but draws arrowhead; 0 <= h, v <= 4
\shortstack[pos]{ ... }
like \begin{tabular[pos] ...
\circle{d}
draw circle of diameter d; * form draws solid disk
\oval{x,y}[partial]
draw x by y (partial) oval
\frame{ ... }
draw frame around object
line thickness \thinlines or \thicklines
:
\begin{figure} ... \end{figure}
make a floating figure
\begin{table} ... \end{table}
make a floating table
\caption{ ... }
make figure or table caption
Rows are separated by \\; columns determined by:
\= set tab stop
\> go to the next tab stop
\kill throw-away line
\begin{array}[pos]{cols} ... \end{array}
\begin{tabular}[pos]{cols} ... \end{tabular}
Use array for fomulae; tabular for text.
Items separated by '&' and rows by '\\'; pos aligns with top (t),
bottom (b); cols entries format columns
l left-justified column
r right-justified column
c centered column
| vertical rule
@{ ... } text or space between columns
*{n}{ ... } equivalent to n copies of ...
\multicolumn{n}{col}{ ... }
span next n columns with col format
\hline
draw horizontal rule between rows
\cline{i-j}
horizontal rule between columns i-j
\newcommand{cmd}[n]{ ... }
define new command cmd with n arguments
\newenvironment{name}[n]{beg}{end}
define new environment name with n arguments
\newtheorem{name}{caption}
define a theorem-like environment name
captioned by caption
\setcounter{ctr}{n} set counter ctr to n
\addtocounter{ctr}{n} add n to counter ctr
Note that, for some reason. LaTeX requires a looong time to start up.
Wait for it.
The following is an example latex session of a document called 'final.tex'.
You can see that latex usually complains a lot, for no good reason.
Don't worry about it. That's what it does...
cab017% latex final.tex
This is TeX, C Version 3.14t3
(final.tex
LaTeX Version 2.09 <7 Dec 1989>
(/usr/TeX/tex/macros/report.sty
Document Style `report' <13 Nov 89>.
(/usr/TeX/tex/macros/rep10.sty) (/usr/TeX/tex/macros/titlepage.sty))
(final.aux (budget-mechanical.aux) (budget-electrical.aux) (budget-motor.aux)
(budget-sensor.aux)) [0] (final.toc [1]) [2]
Chapter 1.
[3]
Chapter 2.
[4] (budget-mechanical.tex
Chapter 3.
[5] [6] [7] [8]) [9] (budget-electrical.tex
Chapter 4.
[10] [11]
Overfull \hbox (24.54887pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 107--120
[]
[12] [13] [14] [15]
Overfull \hbox (1.5408pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 356--364
[]
[16]) [17] (budget-motor.tex
Chapter 5.
[18] [19] [20]) [21] (budget-sensor.tex
Chapter 6.
[22] [23] [24] [25] [26]) [27] [28]
Chapter 7.
(beam.tex [29] [30] [31] (final.aux (budget-mechanical.aux)
(budget-electrical.aux) (budget-motor.aux) (budget-sensor.aux)) ) )
(see the transcript file for additional information)
Output written on final.dvi (32 pages, 69940 bytes).
Transcript written on final.log.
You can view the document by running xdvi:
cab017% xdvi final.dvi &
xdvi should be fairly self-explanatory. Note that you can 'page'
forward through xdvi with the space bar (or n), backward with p, and
quit with q. Those are useful enough, if you find something else,
tell somebody.
If you find that you like your document, you can pump out a PostScript
file by using the command dvips, a la:
cab017% dvips final.dvi
This creates a PostScript file in your current directory called
'final.ps'. You can print it to your local printer using lpr:
cab017% lpr -h -Pcab_sparc1 final.ps
CAVEAT: DO NOT PRINT THIS TO A DECWRITER!
A PostScript file typically contains about 40 pages of crap, then
the actual document. You *really* don't want to kill the printer,
your print quota and the eardrums of people in the room beside you,
SO DON'T SEND IT TO A DECWRITER!!!!
So many that I can only remember one right now. Oh well, if you're
actually reading this, and know of others, mail pub@cs.ualberta.ca
Otherwise I just might decide to ramble on somewhat aimlessly for
no good reason whatsoever. And believe me, that would be long, boring
and ultimately very unbenefical to read. But that's alright, really.
Math mode is fun, math mode is good for everyone!
BibTeX is an organized way of referencing that huge bibliography
that we all would like to have for all of our papers, assignments,
obituaries, etc. Here is (hopefully) a cogent explanation of how
to do it.
There are two parts to the process:
- Generate your bibliography in a '.bib' file
- Reference your bibliography entry
Note that the sample document for a book has a complete bibliography
usage example.
This is the useful bit. To reference a work, use a \cite with a
comment. For example, to reference the forty-second page of
"The HitchHiker's Guide to the Galaxy", which you have given the
label 'nopanic', you simply
...text that needs a reference to the Guide\cite{nopanic}(page 42)
Simple enough, eh?
The name of the file that you create should have a '.bib' extension.
The format of each entry is:
@{label,AUTHOR= "",TITLE= "", ... }
where the document type is one of:
book unpublished article misc proceedings
and 'label' is how you want to refer to the entry.
Here is a sample bibliography file:
@book{booklabel, % Used when you \cite{this work}
AUTHOR = "First Last Name",
TITLE = "Name of the Book",
VOLUME = 2, % The volume number -- not needed
Publisher = {Publisher},
Address = {City, Province/State,Country},
Year = 1994} % The year the book was published
@unpublished{unpublishedlabel,
AUTHOR = "First Last Name",
TITLE = "Name of the Work",
Publisher = {Publisher},
Address = {City, Province/State,Country},
note= {Just to let you know that BibTeX is fairly flexible...},
Year = 1994} % The year the work was published
@misc{misclabel,
TITLE = "Title of whatever it is"}
@article{articlelabel,
AUTHOR = "First Last Name",
JOURNAL = {The Harvard Journal of Really Stinky Things},
PAGES = {137 -- 142},
TITLE = "Spiritual Aspects of Locker Room Socks",
VOLUME = 65,
NUMBER = 5,
YEAR = 1992}
@proceedings{proceedingslabel,
EDITOR = "Name of the Editors",
TITLE = "Title of whatever it is"}
Publisher = {Publisher},
Address = {City, Province/State,Country},
Year = 1994} % The year the proceedings was published
Don't forget the '.bib' ending to your bibliography file!
For books that you want to be listed in your bibliography, but
you just couldn't reference, use a \nocite{label} to do this.
Slitex is another program that is used to make slides. This is
unusual in that you need two files in order to make them. Oh well...
The first file is a wrapper for the second file, which actually
contains all of your slides. The first file should look like:
\documentstyle{}
\begin{document}
\blackandwhite{slideride}
\end{document}
The second file (which from the file above is called 'slideride.tex')
contains your slides, which are formatted as follows:
\begin{slide}{}
... some of your fantastic insights ...
\end{slide}
\begin{slide}{}
... even more of your fantastic insights ...
\end{slide}
Some things to note:
- instead of just plain ol' black and white, you can also use
\colorslides{slideride}
\colors{red,black,blue}
This gives you red, black and blue to choose from. You can use
the colours like other forms of emphasis. For example,
"... now we need {\red blood} and we can start!" said Papa.
Now all you need is a colour printer! :)
- you can't use \includeonly{} in the slidefile
- yes, Virginia, you *DO* have to use 'slitex' instead of 'latex'!
What will happen is that LaTeX will barf on one of its internal
files. Once this happens to you, you'll recognize it! :)
It's nasty, it's brutish, but it works and looks quite nice, thank you
very much!
\documentstyle{article}
\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{1.5}
\setlength{\topmargin}{0pt}
\setlength{\textheight}{10in}
\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}
\setlength{\textwidth}{5.5in}
\setlength{\topskip}{0in}
\setlength{\headheight}{0in}
\setlength{\headsep}{0in}
\pagestyle{empty}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{.5in}
\begin{document}
\begin{center}
{\LARGE \bf UACS EXECUTIVE ELECTIONS NOMINATION FORM}
\vspace{.25in}
\begin{tabular}{ll}
Position running for: & \makebox[2in]{\hrulefill}\\
Name of candidate: & \makebox[2in]{\hrulefill} \\
email: & \makebox[2in]{\hrulefill}
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\Vspace{.2in}
\hspace{0.5in}I, \makebox[2in]{\hrulefill}\hspace{-2in}\makebox[2in]{\raisebox{-0.5em}{\tiny Name (please print)}} nominate \makebox[2in]{\hrulefill}\hspace{-2in}\makebox[2in]{\raisebox{-0.5em}{\tiny Name (please print)}} as\\
a candidate for the position of \makebox[2in]{\hrulefill}.\\
email: \makebox[2in]{\hrulefill}\hspace{.5in}Signature: \makebox[2in]{\hrulefill}
\section*{Supporters:}
\begin{tabular}{lrr}
Name: & \makebox[2in]{\hrulefill} & Signature: \makebox[2in]{\hrulefill}\\
email: & \makebox[2in]{\hrulefill} & \\
\ \\
Name: & \makebox[2in]{\hrulefill} & Signature: \makebox[2in]{\hrulefill}\\
email: & \makebox[2in]{\hrulefill} & \\
\ \\
Name: & \makebox[2in]{\hrulefill} & Signature: \makebox[2in]{\hrulefill}\\
email: & \makebox[2in]{\hrulefill} & \\
\ \\
Name: & \makebox[2in]{\hrulefill} & Signature: \makebox[2in]{\hrulefill}\\
email: & \makebox[2in]{\hrulefill} & \\
\ \\
Name: & \makebox[2in]{\hrulefill} & Signature: \makebox[2in]{\hrulefill}\\
email: & \makebox[2in]{\hrulefill} &\\
\end{tabular}
\section*{Candidate Information}
\begin{tabular}{lll}
Are you a UACS member? & Yes: $\bigcirc$ & No: $\bigcirc$ \\
Are you in the CS program? & Yes: $\bigcirc$ & No: $\bigcirc$ \\
If no: Are you applying for CS? & Yes: $\bigcirc$ & No: $\bigcirc$
\end{tabular}
\vspace{.25in}
Current Department: \makebox[1.5in]{\hrulefill}\hspace{.25in}Year: \makebox[.5in]{\hrulefill}\hspace{.25in}ID\#: \makebox[1in]{\hrulefill}
\ \\
Date: \makebox[2in]{\hrulefill} \hspace{.5in} Signature: \makebox[2in]{\hrulefill}
\end{document}
\documentstyle{letter}
\begin{document}
\address{Your name (Confused? Check your Student ID :) \\
address \\
postie code}
\begin{letter}{ To whomever you're addressing/threatening \\
their address \\
their postie code}
\opening{addressee}
... references to pets, burning, and other childhood activities
...
\signature{Your name (See above)}
\closing{Yours untruthfully, and backstabbingly (love),}
\end{letter}
\end{document}
Sample article which has a title page and some sectioning commands.
\documentstyle{article}
\begin{document}
\title{JFK Assasination: Who Dunnit?}
\author{Who Me \and Not U \and Not Me Really}
% Optional: LaTeX will put in current date if you don't
% put in the \date command
\date{November 22, 1963}
\maketitle
\pagebreak
\section{Dallas, Texas Assisination of JFK}
... describe this conspiracy ...
\subsection{The ``Magic Bullet'' Theory}
... an alternative physical modelling ...
\subsubsection{The Warren Commission's Findings}
... blah, blah, blah ....
\section{The Aftershocks}
... Yet Another Section ...
\section{Who Gained From the Murder?}
... Even more in-depth stuff ...
\end{document}
This is a sample book format. The report format is *very* similar.
Notice that for long documents, it's a good idea to have separate
files in order to modularize the input, and not create one huge,
goopy mess.
Notice that this has a table of contents (toc). This means that
you have to run latex over the file twice in order for the toc entries
to come out correctly.
\documentstyle{book}
\begin{document}
\tableofcontents
\pagebreak
\chapter{The First Chapter}
\include{number1}
% So this chapter includes a file called 'number1.tex'
% in the current directory
\chapter{Now for the Second Chapter}
\include{blah/number2}
% So this chapter includes a file called 'number2.tex'
% that is in the 'blah' directory
\chapter{The One Worth Waiting For}
This could have been an interesting bit\footnote{One of eight}
except that it has been shown to be injurious to your
health \cite{nothealthy}(page 666).
\begin{quote}
``NO, YOU FOOL!!! Don't you know that process cheese
is {\bf CONDUCTIVE}!!!''
\end{quote}
\section{Well, Not Really}
\subsection*{Umm, Just a Throwaway, Actually}
\subsubsection*{It Only Fills Space Meaninglessly}
% Note that when you put the asterisk '*' in front of
% the text, that the section, subsection etc DOES NOT appear
% in the table of contents
\appendix
\chapter{And now for the Technical Stuff}
\include{appendicitis}
\nocite{notseen} % Do this so that something you didn't
% reference makes into your bibliography
\pagebreak
\bibliographystyle{plain}
\bibliography{different} % references a file called
% 'different.bib'
\end{document}
Before panicking, type the letter 'e' and hit return. That will
bring up the editor defined in the TEXEDIT environment variable,
which can be defined in csh by:
setenv TEXEDIT "/usr/ucb/vi +%d %s"
This sets the editor to be 'vi' and tells 'vi' to put the cursor at
the '%d'th line of the file. For bash users, the variable can be
set by:
export TEXEDIT="/usr/gnu/bin/emacs +%d %s"
This will run the 'emacs' editor.
The line that LaTeX found the error on will then be displayed.
At this point, you'll have to know what the error is or you can't
compile the document. Sorry, you're on your own.
- You *cannot* have an empty \begin{verbatim}...\end{verbatim}
Put garbage text in until you have some real stuff.
- Remove *all* whitespace before the closing brace '}' or your
document might blow up.
- Don't leave extra returns in tables and things -- it's nasty...
This manpage(?) was created by Kelly Kearney and Geoff Baskwill, who
have entirely too much time on their hands, seeing as they are both only
undergraduate students... :) (as of March, '94)
Further note that the LaTeX book by Leslie Lamport was originally used
(sigh) without permission to create the Commonly Used Commands section.
For some sample ideas and documents, we have to thank:
Steve Charlton, Andrew Morris and lots of other people who want
their names .
HINT!! HINT!! <---- NB. A hint!
Located in the TeX directory is a set of files which seem to provide
some latex-able documents.
In the directory /usr/TeX/tex/macros you find the following files:
btxdoc.tex lablst.tex psfig.tex tb0cyr.tex
btxhak.tex latex.tex rotate.tex tb0hyf.tex
btxmac.tex lfonts.tex sample.tex testfont.tex
epsf.tex logo.tex sfonts.tex testpage.tex
hyphen.tex lplain.tex slides.tex tryfonts.tex
idx.tex manmac.tex slitex.tex tubguide.tex
idxmac-amstex.tex mftmac.tex slogofonts.tex tugbot.tex
idxmac.tex nul.tex small.tex webmac.tex
ind+.tex null.tex splain.tex
ind-.tex plain.tex story.tex
You can copy these and latex 'em, and read 'em. Won't you? :)
Leslie Lamport, LaTeX: User's Guide & Reference Manual
"It's *MUCH* better than nothing..." -- Kells
tex(1),latex(1),gnuplot(),xpaint(),xdvi(),emacs(),dvips(1),
dviselect(1)
June 19, 1994
pub@cs.ualberta.ca